与 被鬼附体的球员 不相关的其它视频
关于 足球 的百科小常识
足球的起源 足球运动是一项古老的体育活动 源远流长。据说 希腊人和罗马人在中世纪以前就已经从事一种足球游戏了。他们在一个长方形场地上 将球放在中间的白线上 用脚把球踢滚到对方场地上 当时称这种游戏为“哈巴斯托姆”。到19世纪初叶 足球运动在当时欧洲及拉美一些国家特别是在资本主义的英国已经相当盛行。直到1848年 足球运动的第一个文字形式的规则《剑桥规则》诞生了。 然而众多的资料表明 中国古代足球的出 现比欧洲更早 历史更为悠久。我国古代足球称为“蹴鞠”或“蹋鞠” “蹴”和“蹋”都是踢的意思 “鞠”是球名。“蹴鞠”一词最早记载在《史记匪涨亓写》里 汉代刘向《别录》和唐人颜师曾为《汉书 .枚乘传》均有记载。到了唐宋时期 “蹴鞠”活动已十分盛行 成为宫廷之中的高雅活动。1958年7月 国际足联现任主席阿维兰热博士来中国时曾表示：足球起源于中国。当然 由于封建社会的局限 中国古代的蹴鞠活动最终没有发展成为以“公平竞争”为原则的现代足球运动。这个质的飞跃是在资本主义的英国完成的。
汉代蹴鞠石刻
2004年初 国际足联确认足球起源于中国 “蹴鞠”是有史料记载的最早足球活动。《战国策》和《史记》是最早记录蹴鞠的文献典籍 前者描述了2300多年前的春秋时期 齐国都城临淄（现山东淄博）流行蹴鞠活动 后者则记载 蹴鞠是当时训练士兵、考察兵将体格的方式(“蹹鞠 兵势也 所以练武士 知有材也”)。
第一个因踢球名垂史册的人
西汉时期的项处是第一个因足球而名垂史册的人 不过他的经历却很不幸。《史记·扁鹊仓公列传》记载 名医淳于意为项处看病 叮嘱他不要过度劳累 但项处不听 仍外出踢球 结果呕血身亡 这也使得项处成为了世界上有史可查的第一个狂热“球迷”。
史上第一份首发名单
汉代蹴鞠是训练士兵的手段 制定了较为完备的体制。如专门设置了球场 规定为东西方向的长方形 两端各设六个对称的“鞠域”也称“鞠室” 各由一人把守。场地四周设有围墙。比赛分为两队 互有攻守 以踢进对方鞠室的次数决定胜负。
经过汉代的初步流行 唐宋时期蹴鞠活动达到高潮 甚至出现了按照场上位置分工的踢法。唐代蹴鞠已有多种方式 有比赛巅球次数的“打鞠” 有场地中间挂网、类似网式足球的“白打” 有多人参与拼抢的“跃鞠” 还有了设立球门的比赛 这种方式每队有一定人数和固定位置 规定队员只能在自己的位置上踢 不能移动。
南宋《武林旧事》曾列出了“筑球三十二人”竞赛时两队的名单与位置：“左军一十六人：球头张俊、跷球王怜、正挟朱选、头挟施泽、左竿网丁诠、右竿网张林、散立胡椿等；右军一十六人：球头李正、跷球朱珍、正挟朱选、副挟张宁、左竿网徐宾、右竿网王用、散立陈俊等”。这恐怕是历史上的第一份足球“首发名单”了。
最早的著名球星
宋代 踢球的艺人们组织了自己的团体 称为“圆社” 专门推广蹴鞠活动和比赛。北宋时期的高俅就出身于圆社 王明清的《挥尘后录》记载 高俅球技高超 因陪侍宋徽宗踢球 被提拔当了殿前都指挥使 这要算是最早的著名球星之一了。
宋人刘邠的《中山诗话》则记载了另一个因踢球而扬名的人 秀才柳三复球技出众 他知道宰相丁谓喜欢踢球 为了升官 他天天等候在宰相府球场的围墙外 有一天终于等到球飞出了墙外 柳三复捡起球以还球为名进了相府 在拜见丁谓时 他把球抛在空中 一面跪拜 一面用头、肩膀、后背等部位巅球 球一直未落地 丁谓见此大悦 给了柳三复一个官职。
从春秋时期到元明时代 蹴鞠经历了发展到高潮的过程 但到了清代 这项活动却走入了衰落。1863年 现代足球运动在英国诞生 揭开了足球发展的又一历史篇章。
现代足球的诞生
1893年观众观赛
从8世纪到19世纪 现代足球运动的前身以各种方式在欧洲存在着 直到1863年 第一份正式的足球比赛规则在英国创立 这也标志着现代足球运动的诞生。
“暴徒足球”时代
古希腊和古罗马都有过类似足球活动的记载 后传入法国高卢地区 公元1066年 征服者威廉入侵英国 足球也随之传入英伦三岛。当时这项游戏没有规则可言 在市镇之间展开 街道、广场、农田等都是场地 参赛的往往可达数千人 只要把球踢到对方城市的中心区就算胜利。比赛中 人们乱拥乱挤 允许互相踢打和殴斗 经常出现流血、断腿甚至丧命的事故 皮球所到之处 店铺、公共设施、居民宅院等难逃破坏 以至于这段时期的足球被称为“暴徒足球”。1314年 伦敦市长颁布规定 禁止居民踢球 1331年 英王爱德华三世颁布全国性禁令 取缔公众的足球活动 此后多代英王均禁止足球游戏 足球以不合法的身份在民间存在了500多年。
1878年的“暴力足球”
一个男孩的冲动
19世纪 足球运动得以恢复 并在英国的一些学院内广泛开展。那时的足球赛没有统一规则 比赛在长方形场地内进行 时间和参赛人数由双方临时商定 球踢到对方的门杆内为得分。这段时期 剑桥大学、哈顿公学、新克利夫顿大学等学院都有各自的踢法 没有人想到要统一足球运动的规则。那个时候 最倒霉的人要算为比赛特设的“公证调解人” 他们是裁判的前身 负责记录进球数并调解纠纷和争议 但由于没有统一规则 这些调解人总难服众 经常受到全场数十人的追打和围攻。
一个男孩的冲动改变了一切。1823年11月21日 在一场比赛中 一个名叫威廉-韦伯-埃斯利的15岁男孩突然用手捡起球 抱着它冲向对方场地发动进攻。这个动作后来引发了有关足球规则的大争论 人们也意识到有必要设定统一的足球规则。在争论中 赞同手脚并用的一方 逐渐将比赛发展为了今天的橄榄球 而坚持只能用脚的一方 则开始了现代足球比赛规则的摸索和创立。
酒馆中诞生世界第一运动
1892年的西布朗队
伦敦皇后大街共济会酒馆 这是现代足球的诞生地 足球史上里程碑式的会议在这里召开。此前的1848年 剑桥大学分院曾尝试创立一部有关足球比赛的规则 虽未受公众认可 但统一规则已经成为共识。1863年10月26日 来自11个伦敦俱乐部和学院的代表们在共济会酒馆召开会议 制定规则并创立权威的足球组织 这一天也被公认为现代足球的生日。
会上关于规则的争论十分激烈 以甘贝尔代表的少数人坚持手脚并用 最终表决结果13比4 现代足球运动不允许用手的标志性规则通过。为此 甘贝尔等人愤怒离开会场 后于1871年创立了英式橄榄球联合会。
共济会酒馆
在共济会酒馆的这次会议上 还成立了英格兰足总 并以文字形势记载了世界上第一部统一的足球运动规则 两个月后的1863年12月26日 英足总在伦敦克鲁米沙街的一家小酒店内再度召开会议 将足球运动规则细化为14条 并开始在全国范围内推广足球比赛 如今风靡全球的世界第一运动也由此诞生。
参加共济会酒馆会议的11家俱乐部及学院：
森林俱乐部(后改名为巡游者)；吉尔伯恩；巴恩斯；战争办公室；十字军战士；帕西瓦尔；布莱克海斯俱乐部；肯辛顿学院；索尔比顿；布莱克海斯学院；水晶宫。
最早的一部足球规则
1.场地面积 在长150码 宽100码以内。 在每条边线上距端线25码处 各树立两根标志杆。
2.球门由两根立竿组成 相距英尺.
3.用投币选择球门或开球权。
4.上半时比赛时间结束后 交换场地。
5.当队员将球踢出时 同队任何队员站在球的前面较对方队员更接近对方端线时 不得参加比赛接触球 也不得以任何方式阻碍其他队员接触球。
6.当球被踢出边线外则为死球 由对方在出界地点 将球直接踢入场内 恢复比赛。
7.当一队将球踢出 对方端线时 对方任何队员谁先拿到球便可持球在垂 直端线25码处发任意球。
8.当球踢来时 队员在对方端线后面不可触球。
9.如果球落到端线之后和边 线标志杆之外时 任意球应该在距端线25码处发。
10.当一队员踢任意球时 同队队员不得处在他与对方端线之间 并且对方队员不可站在距离他10码之内.
11.队员可选择任何方式踢任意球。
12.球从两 竿之间或从其间上方无限高度穿过 算胜一球。
13. 在比赛进行中 可用身体任何部位接触球 但不得用手、臂、肩部持、击球。
14.所有冲击都是公平合法的 但禁止用手抱、推 用脚绊掉或吵闹。
这套正规原始规则经英格兰足协主席公布刊登在(BELIS LIFE)杂志上。三年后足协补充规定 球门高度为6码 宽度为8码 两立柱之间拉上一条绳 作为球门高度。文字国际足协会公开确认足球运动起源于中国 中国古代足球的起源时间 最早可追溯至二千五百年前的战国时期 《战国策．齐策》曾记载苏秦与齐宣王会面时 提及人民安居乐业 喜欢“蹋鞠” 所谓“蹴鞠”或“蹋鞠” 就是指一种足球游戏；“蹋”或“蹴”都是指踢 “鞠”则是指球。
汉唐两代是中国古代足球发展最兴盛的时期 发展出直接对抗的竞赛。到了唐朝（公元六一八至九○七年） 蹴鞠所用的皮球 由内填毛发改为由人用嘴吹气 同时用两个球门代替“鞠室”。至宋代（公元九六○至一二七九年） 蹴鞠更发展了双球门及单球门的竞赛 还有称作齐云社或圆社的球会组织出现 而且所用皮球由人用嘴吹气 发展到用气筒打气 愈来愈接近现代足球。
近代的足球 最早在19世纪的英国产生。人类进入20世纪 足球也进入了20世纪。无论是传说的那战场上的敌人的头颅 还是万人同踢一个足球在两个城市之间比赛 都已经成为过去。现代足球就要起步 并逐渐形成了职业联赛。
1903年 比利时 丹麦 法国 荷兰 西班牙等国商议成立一个国际足球组织 然而英国作为足球的发源地却热情不高。然而足球还是开始在欧洲及美洲普及。在意大利英国移民早在1893年就建立了热那亚队 1899年 英国人和意大利人又联手建立了今天的绿茵豪门-AC米兰 1899年。 意大利又创办了联邦锦标赛 前7届热那亚六夺冠军 AC米兰则在1901年夺得冠军。
在南美 足球也被英国的水手 移民带到了这里 托马斯。利普顿爵士创办了利普顿杯赛 成为了拉普拉塔河两岸的乌拉圭和阿根廷之间的对抗赛
现在最知名的足球联赛是欧洲的五大联赛（意甲。英超 西甲 德甲 法甲）
足球术语
弧线球 足球运动技术名词。指使球呈弧线运行的踢球技术。足球在运行中 由于强烈旋转 使两侧的空气发生差异而形成。由于球呈弧线形运行 故俗称“香蕉球”。踢弧线球时 脚击球的部位应偏离球的重心。常用于绕过位于传球路线中间的防守队员 或射门中迷惑守门员 使之产生错误判断。罚直接任意球时 用弧线球射门已是得分的一种重要方法。
鱼跃扑球 足球技术名词。守门员的一种难度较高的接球技术。以与球同侧的一脚用力蹬地 异侧腿屈膝提摆 使身体跃出接球。接球后落地时 双手按球 用前臂的侧面先着地 团身护球。因是腾身侧面跃出 增大了接球的范围 故能接住用其他动作难以接到的球。
清道夫 足球比赛中承担特定防守任务的拖后中卫之别称。1966年第8届世界足球锦标赛 在“固守稳攻”的战术思想影响下 为了加强防守 于后卫线后面安排一个队员 其职责是只守不攻 执行单一的补位防守任务 “打清”攻到本方球门前的来球 因而得名。
自由人 足球比赛“一三三三”阵型中拖后中卫的别称。防守是无固定的看守对象 可机动灵活地补位救险 从而使其他队员 特别是3个后卫在盯人时无后顾之忧。是清道夫踢法的发展 不仅要守 而且要伺机插入进攻第一线。根据职责 要求担当“自由人”的队员技术全面 战术意识强 比赛经验丰富 是组织、指挥防守的核心。
全攻全守 足球运动战术之一。一个队除守门员之外的10名队员都在进攻和防守的职责 称为“全攻全守”。根据比赛中攻与守的需要 每个队员都可到任何一个位置上发挥这一位置队员的作用。这一战术打破了阵式对队员的束缚 能充分调动和发挥队员的积极性的才能。同时 对队员在身体素质、技术、战术和意志品质、战斗作风诸方面 也提出了更高的要求。1974年第10届世界足球锦标赛中 出现了这种打法 被誉为国际足球史上的第三次变革。
沉底传中 足球运动进攻战术之一。指边线进攻中 通过个人带球突破 或集体配合把球推到对方端线附近 然后长传至对方球门前的战术方法。攻方在快速推进中 常乘对方防线阵脚未稳时 采用此法中间包抄以射门得分。
外围传中 也称“45°角传中”。足球运动进攻战术之一。当攻方有球队员在边线附近与对方球门约成45°角的地区时 用过顶长传把球传向处于对方罚球区附近的同伴 供同伴用头顶球连续进攻 称为“外围传中”。尤其在守方队员已及时退回 且密集在球门前30—40米的地区 通向对方球门的路已被封住 或攻方有身材高大、争顶球能力强的前锋队员时 动用这种打法可取得较好的效果。
交叉换位 足球运动战术术语。比赛中进攻队员为了摆脱对方的防守 在跑动中左右换位的战术配合方法。最常见的有：左侧的队员疾跑至右侧的队员前接球 右侧队员传球后 交叉跑到左侧位置。这一战术配合改变了队员只在本位置范围内活动的踢法 使之战术更变化多端。
长传突破 足球运动进攻战术之一。运用远距离传球突破对方防线的战术方法。当代足球比赛中 多用于快速反击时。防守队员在本方球门前抢截得球 利用对方压上进攻后不及回防的时机 长传给突前的同伴 以突破对方的防线。
插上进攻 足球运动进攻战术之一。指位于第二、第三线的前卫、后卫队员 插入第一线参加进攻的战术方法。因有纵深距离 故容易摆脱对方的防守 且第二、第三线队员的插上具有较大的隐蔽和突然性。因此 更具威胁性。后卫插入前锋线直接参加进攻是全攻全守战术的一个重要标志。
区域防守 足球运动防守战术之一。每一队员根据位置划分一定的防守区域 在划定的范围内 主要采用站位的防守方法 而不紧逼盯人。这使进攻队传接球比较容易 且在同一区域内出现两个以上进攻队员时 防守就感困难。这一防守战术比较被动 已不能适应足球运动发展的需要 现已很少采用。
补位 足球运动战术术语。比赛中集体防守的一种配合方法。指防守中本队一个队员被对手突破时 另一队员前去封堵。两人补位是集体防守配合的基础。防守队员相互间保持适当的距离和角度 是进行及时补位的前提。过去主要指后卫线队员防守时的配合。当代足球采用全攻全守战术 补位的内容也有了相应的发展。担任锋与卫的队员之间在一次进攻中相互位置交换 也成为补位的重要内容之一 从而对补位队员的技术战术意识提出了更高的要求。
密集防守 防守战术之一。球门前的30米区域常被称为“危险地带”。比赛中 双方为了稳固防守 往往组织相当多的人把守这一区域 形成密集状态 以加强保护 减少空隙 阻住对方的突破 称为密集防守战术。
造越位 是一种防守战术。根据规则：进攻队员在接球时 如与对方端线之间防守队不足2人时则为越位。防守队员利用这一规定 在对方传球中 另一队员将触及球的瞬间 突然向前一跑 造成对方接球队员与本方端线之间有一个防守队员的局面 使对方越位犯规。
反越位战术 这是针对对方“造越位”战术而采取的一种进攻战术。当进攻队员觉察到防守者用制造越位的战术破坏本方的进攻时 及时改变传球方向 让在后面的队员插上接球或自己直接带球快速推进射门 从而使对方退防不及。
篱笆战术 也称人墙战术。在自己门前危险区域内 当对方罚任意球时 几个防守队员并排成“人篱笆” 以帮助守门员封住对方射门的部分角度。
撞墙式 比赛中进攻时的一种过人战术 即形成两人过一人局面时 二人一传一切 接球再传者一次出球 使传球者传来的球像撞在墙上一样 从而加快过人速度 故名。
football any of a number of games in which two opposing teams attempt to score points by moving an inflated oval or round ball past a goal line or into a goal. Differing greatly in their rules these include soccer (association football) and rugby in addition to the games covered in this article: American football Canadian football Gaelic football and Australian football. In the United States the word football generally refers only to the American game; in other parts of the world it usually means soccer. Football amateur and professional is perhaps the most popular spectator sport in the United States attracting a total attendance of over 40 million and watched by many more millions on television each year.
Most of the modern forms of football are derived from ancient games especially harpaston and harpastrum played in Greece and Rome. These survive today in Tuscany and Florence under the name calcio. Meanwhile a rugged undisciplined type of football took root in the Middle Ages in England where despite royal edicts banning the game from time to time football remained popular until the early 19th cent. Different forms of the game soon developed at the various English public schools including Rugby Eton and Harrow. Eventually two main games emerged. One was primarily a kicking game which later became association football or soccer; the other (dating from 1823) was football as played at Rugby in which carrying the ball and tackling were permitted.
American Football
Basic Rules
The American game is played by two opposing teams of eleven. The football field is level measures 100 by 531/3 yd (91.4 by 48.8 m) is marked off by latitudinal stripes every 5 yd (4.57 m) and has at each end an end zone 10 yd (9.14 m) deep. In the center of each end zone stand goal posts not exceeding 20 ft (6.10 m) in height with a crossbar 10 ft (3.05 m) from the ground and with the uprights on either end 24 ft (73.2 m) apart.
Play is directed toward moving the ball across the opponent's goal line thereby scoring a touchdown worth six points. In advancing the ball a team may run with it or pass it (forward or laterally) but the team must gain 10 yd (9 m) in four plays (downs) or yield possession of the ball to the opponent. The defending team tries to stop the ball carrier by tackling him i.e. forcing him to the ground—thus causing the team with the ball to use up one of its downs. The defending team can gain possession of the ball before the end of four downs by recovering a dropped ball (fumble) or by intercepting a pass.
Because strategies and skills required on offense and on defense differ most organized football clubs have offensive and defensive squads that alternate on the field as possession of the ball changes. All professional and most collegiate teams employ special teams for various game situations (e.g. offense defense kickoffs and punt returns) and coaches who specialize in various aspects of the game. The offensive team traditionally comprises a quarterback (the field leader) a fullback two halfbacks and seven linemen—a center two guards two tackles and two ends. A typical defensive unit has two tackles and two ends who play on the line as well as three linebackers two cornerbacks and two safeties.
The game is divided into two halves each consisting of two quarters periods of 15 minutes playing time. At the end of each of the first three quarters the teams exchange goals. Each half begins with a kickoff which also initiates play after every score (except a safety). In addition to the touchdown points are scored by kicking the ball (which is held on the ground by a teammate of the kicker) over the crossbar between the goal posts (a field goal) for three points; and by downing a player in possession of the ball behind his own goal line (a safety) for two points. Additional points known as conversions may be scored after the scoring of a touchdown. In professional play the conversion is earned by kicking the ball over the crossbar of the goal post (worth one point) or by running or passing the ball over the goal line from 2 yd (1.83 m) away (worth two points). In amateur (high school and college) football the conversion play is begun 3 yd (2.74 m) from the end zone.
When a team is not likely to gain 10 yards in four downs it often kicks or punts the ball downfield usually on the fourth down. After each down before resuming play the opposing teams face each other along an imaginary line called the line of scrimmage determined by the position of the ball relative to the goals. Among standard offensive formations the basic T formation (a balanced line with the quarterback behind the center and the other backs behind the quarterback) is with modern variations the most popular in both amateur and professional football. Blocking and tackling make football one of the most rugged sports played; thus players wear heavy protective gear.
Five officials—the referee umpire field judge linesman and electric clock operator—control a game and penalties chiefly in the form of moving the ball away from a team's object goal are meted out for violations of the rules. Rules concerning the field scoring playing time downs scrimmage substitution officials and equipment have undergone numerous changes generally to make the game safer.
College and Amateur Football
The first intercollegiate football match in America (actually a 50-person soccer game) was played (1869) at New Brunswick N.J. The Intercollegiate (Soccer) Football Association composed of Columbia Princeton Rutgers and Yale was created (1873) to standardize rules. Harvard meanwhile refused to join the group and looking for other opponents accepted a challenge from McGill Univ. of Montreal to play a series of games (1874–75) under Rugby rules. The Rugby-type game soon caught on at the other schools also and within a decade the distinctive game of American football evolved.
Since the late 19th cent. football has enjoyed tremendous popularity as a collegiate sport. In 1902 the first Rose Bowl game was played at Pasadena Calif. and that postseason tournament has been conducted annually since 1916. Other annual postseason collegiate games include the Sugar Orange Sun and Cotton bowls. In 1996 a national system to pick bowl opponents so as to determine a national champion was introduced. Selection of All-America teams begun (1889) by Walter Camp and Caspar Whitney has also contributed to football's popularity. The Heisman trophy originated in 1935 is awarded annually to the nation's outstanding college football player.
Most collegiate teams play in athletic conferences. Among the best-known are the Ivy League Big Ten Atlantic Coast Southeastern and Pacific 10 conferences. Famous collegiate rivalries include Army–Navy and Yale–Harvard. With an atmosphere enhanced by bands and cheering sections football is not only the most popular collegiate sport of the fall season but also a big business.
Revenues from football often finance other sports at a college and some games are played before crowds of 100 000 people in university-owned stadiums. Despite the strict amateur code of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and its member conferences illegal subsidization of football players is a recurrent issue. Football also is extremely popular in U.S. high schools. Six-man football and touch football both usually played for recreation are other forms of the amateur game.
Professional Football
Although professional football was played as early as 1895 in Pennsylvania it was not until 1920 that national organization began with the formation of the American Professional Football Association at Canton Ohio. Originally consisting of five teams the association evolved and in 1922 was renamed the National Football League (NFL). The professional game received a tremendous boost when Red Grange a star halfback at the Univ. of Illinois signed a professional contract (1925) with the Chicago Bears. Other college stars soon followed and the public began to show interest in NFL teams.
In the period immediately following World War II professional football's popularity grew tremendously. A new league the All-America Conference (established 1944) competed with the NFL until the two groups merged (1949). The American Football League (AFL; formed 1959) competed with the NFL during the early 1960s; the first Super Bowl championship game was held in 1967 between the NFL and AFL champions.
Four years later the two leagues were merged into the present NFL which now comprises two conferences (the National Football Conference or NFC and the American Football Conference or AFC) totaling 32 teams. The NFL season includes 16 regular games after which the winners of the three divisions in each conference along with two “wild card” teams (the teams with the next-best record in each conference) play a four-round playoff culminating in the Super Bowl.
Canadian Football
Canadian football is similar to the U.S. game but the Canadian field and end zone are larger measuring 110 yd by 65 yd (100 m by 59 m) and 25 yd by 65 yd (23 m by 59 m) respectively. Canadian teams have 12 players on the field rather than 11 and among other variations in the rules are allowed only three downs to advance the ball 10 yards. The present game developed from rules established (1891) by the Canadian Rugby Union. In 1959 the two professional leagues in the union broke away to form the Canadian Football League (CFL). From 1993 to 1995 the CFL had several U.S.-based teams; there are now nine teams divided between two divisions. A number of prominent U.S. players have made careers in the CFL. The league's annual championship game is known as the Grey Cup.
Gaelic Football
Gaelic football played almost exclusively in Ireland is perhaps the roughest of the football-type games. It is played by two teams of 15 men each on a field that measures 84 to 100 yd (76.81–91.44 m) in width and 140 to 160 yd (128.02–146.3 m) in length. The object of the game is to punch dribble or kick the ball into (3 points) or directly over (1 point) the rectangular goal-net. As with soccer and rugby Gaelic football probably developed from the rough-and-tumble football games played in medieval England. Originally a sort of melee between as many as 200 representatives of rival parishes the game was given a set of standard rules by Dan and Maurice Gavin who founded (1884) the Gaelic Athletic Association after witnessing a particularly brutal game. The association sponsors the annual all-Ireland championship match an elimination tournament for teams from Ireland's 32 counties.
Australian Football
The only major football-type sport that does not appear to have developed from the medieval game is Australian football. Probably an outgrowth of earlier Aboriginal games it is played on an oval field that is about 200 yd (183 m) long and 150 yd (137 m) wide across the middle. Each team composed of 19 players attempts to kick the egg-shaped ball past a set of goal posts. The ball may be advanced by punches kicks or dribbles. The game played only in Australia is especially popular in the southern and western parts of the continent.
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